Newater Brand And Singapores Water Reclaimation Environmental Sciences Essay

Newater Brand And Singapores Water Reclaimation Environmental Sciences Essay Water is an essential element for the survival of all living things in the world; including human beings. The current consumption of domestic water per capital in Singapore stands at 158 litres per day (Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources 2011).As Singapores population and economy is increasing, the industry and its people requires more clean water daily.However, Singapore does not have sufficent source of natural water supply for the growing consumption and have been heavily dependent on Malaysia to supply raw water since the 1961 agreement between both neighbhouring countries.However, Singapore has now decided not to extend her water agreement which terminates this year (Singapore Press Holdings Ltd 2010).Therefore, can the government still cater to the growing water demands of its population? 1.2 Singapores Water Reclaimation Study The solution to the above problems lies in the unlikely sources from dirty and used sewage water.Scientists in Singapore mastered the process of using reverse osmosis technology to produce safe and clean drinking water for its population.Every housing and toilets are well connected to an independent sewerage system and as long as the residents keep flushing, the country will never run out of sewage water! This technology was projected to solves 7% of the countrys demand during the introduction but now this figure is expected to rise rapidly to replace the initial water agreement with Malaysia when it expires this year. Imported water from Malaysia supplies 33% of the water needs.There are also local catchments throughout the country which provides 50% of the water needs and the remaining 10% through desalinated water by converting seawater (Cezar Tigno 2008).However, for research purpose of this study; the focus will be purely on Singapores recycled water which is branded as NEWater. The NEWater Brand NEWater is the result of high graided reclaimed water which is the output of treating used and dirty water.It has been certified a pass grade after being scrutinised by over 65 000 vigurous scientific tests and has even surpassed the requirements of the World Health Organization.Its most notable and recent award includes the Water Project of the Year held by Global Water Awards in 2009 (PUB 2010).Figure 1 below shows a screenshot of a NEWater Bottled drink which is 100% made from recycled water. Figure 1. Screenshot of NEWater bottled drinks (Ong Dailin 2009) These bottled drinks are the combined efforts between the PUB(Public Utility Board) and the Ministry for the Environment and Water Resources(MEWR) since initiating the Singapore Water Reclamation Study in the year 1998.Since its interception in 2003, NEWater has primarily served Water Fabrication industries and also acted as a coolant for large machineries.In due time, it was introduced to household residence (Lin Jiamei 2010). However, PUB has constantly backed off from the idea of selling the product commercially to mainstream consumers.Its main objective was to raise the awareness with its residents and it achieved that by distributing a sample of the NEWater bottled drink at a public exhibition during the National Day Parade Celebrations in 2005.Currently, there are a total of 5 NEWater plants in Singapore.They are located in Kranji, Ulu Pandan, Seletar, Bedok and in Changi.SembCorp NEWater Plant located in Changi is the latest and the biggest project to date.This project is a jo int collaboration between SembCorp and PUB (Net Resources International 2011). CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 NEWaters Advanced Membrane Technologies Figure 2. Screenshot of 16 and 8 inches Advanced Membrane System (PennWell Corporation 2011) The entire NEWaters process is actually based on Advanced Membrane Technologies.The two major equipments involved in this techological process includes the NEWater Pilot System and the nanofiltration or Reverse Osmosis membrane skid.Firstly, the Pilot System consists of Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Ultraviolet disinfection units.Secondly, the Nanofiltration membrane skid is highly versatile in performing feasibility studies on liquid waste treament and recovery. Figure 2 shows the screenshot of a 16 and 8 inch Advanced Membrane System used in Bedok NEWater Plant in Singapore.This assembly consists of a spiral-wound and a tubular pressure vessel where different types of Reverse Osmosis and Nano Filtration membranes could be tested based on the liquid wastes nature and requirements.This test skid allows easy optimization of membrane operations through various imperative process parameters such as flow rate and pressure (Temasek Polytechnic 2011).PUB regularly conducts more than 80,000 tests on a monthly basis to cover up to 290 water quality parameters pertaining to physical, biological and chemical conditions (AsiaOne 2011). 4.2 NEWaters Treatment Process Figure 3. Flowchart of NEWaters Factory Treatment Process (PUB 2002) Figure 3 illustrates the brief flowchart process of a typical treatment process of NEWater in Singapore.The first process refers to the collection of dirty and untreated sewage water from home and industries.These water will then be channeled to water reclamation plant to process for the treatment.After which they will known as treated Secondary Effluent and will be linked to their respective NEWater factories in Singapore.This is where NEWater is transformed through 3 key stages.The first stage is known as Microfiltration. The ultrafiltration membranes involved in this process are from Canada.In this stage the Secondary Effluents passes through membranes to filter out and a few contaminants will be retrained on the membrane surface.These include suspended solids, disease-causing bacteria, viruses, colloidal particles and protozoan cysts.The filtered water that passes through the membrane will contain only dissolved salts and organic molecules which will follow to the next stage; Rev erse Osmosis. Figure 4. Multiple Barrier Approach for the development of NEWater (PUB 2002) In the Reverse Osmois process a semi-permeable membrane is used where its small pores allows diminutive small molecules like water molecules to pass through.This process will removes smaller sizes of bacteria, nitrate, sulphate, heavy metals, chlore, aromatic hydrocarbons, disinfection through products and pesticides.At this stage, the NEWater is already of a high grade water quality and proceeds to the next stage of Ultraviolet Disinfection(UV). Figure 4 clearly shows the multiple barrier approach to eliminate the different impurities during each development of the process before proceeding to the next stage. The final stage is Ultraviolet Disinfection.These Ultraviolet Disinfection units comes from England.In each individual units, there will 6 UV lights which will emit up to 800 degress in temperature.Since the boiling temperature of water is at 100 degree celsius, the water will be encased in a quartz casing. The pH level of the water will drop to acidic level since it has went through the first and second stage and now has lack of minerals and salt.Sodium Hyroxide will be added further to bring back the pH level.The resultant outcome from this final stage is NEWater, which will then be pipped out to various homes and industries across the country (PUB 2010). CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS 3.1 SWOT Analysis of NEWater Michael Porters SWOT Analysis is used to identify the Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats for NEWater in Singapore.Table 1 below, shows the SWOT Analysis Model for this innovative product. Table 1. SWOT Analysis of NEWater Strengths Humans produce dirty and untreated water on a daily basis without fail.Its a natural process and one that is vital for the core development process for NEWater.This process was illustrated in Chapter 2.Currently in Singapore, there are a total of 5 NEWater plants.The latest and biggest among those plants was constructed in Changi.Together with the other existing 4 plants, 30% of the water demands in Singapore will be solved by these plants.In addition, NEWater process and technology is not dependent on any weather conditions as its direct source is from the dirty and untreated water; discarded by humans.These plants are also environmental and nature-friendly as they dont require any natural resource for its production.In fact, the SembCorp NEWater plant in Changi; is the only large scale recycling plant in the world ever to be constructed on top of a water reclamation plant (FaverSham House Group Ltd 2010). With the water agreement signed by Singapore and Malaysia in 1961 before independence is poised to expire this year; it will poses no adversities to Singapore due to its reliance on the local NEWater plants to match the water demands of its citizens.As often in the past 50 years, Malaysian politicans would use water as a factor during serious bilateral disagreements with Singapore.More often,Singapore often had to submit to their favours as they have an upper hand in supplying water to the country.Now, this issue will no longer be a thorn between both these countries anymore as Singapore will no longer need to depend on them for imported water.This would also enable to bridge the broken relationship between these two countries (AsiaOne 2011). Weaknesses The entire infrastructure and cost of building a NEWater plant is a costly affair.For example, the SembCorp NEWater plant was constructed at a cost of $180 million in June 2010.Such cost will increase drastically when more NEWater plants are required to meet water demands in the near future.The machines in these plants are also of high cost and maintainence (Vincent Wee 2009).Secondly, Singaporeans are traditionally accustomed to drink directly from the taps and view the NEWater as dirty and unacceptable for drinking.They believe that NEWater isnt strong enough to eliminate toxic materials and chemicals which can be washed away at homes or small businesses.Currently, this proves as a big pschyological barrier in the mindsets of these people to readily accept the NEWater technology in Singapore (Singapore Press Holdings 2002).As explained in Chapter 2, the entire process of NEWater is complex and goes through various stages before completion.Since these processes are complicated; any human or computerized errors at any stage will not allow the product to be delievered within the required standards. Opportunities Currently NEWater is only channeled to homes and industries but is yet to be sold as a commercial bottled drink in the market.NEWater could enter the mineral water industry as a bottled recycled drink to compete with other brands in the market as well.This will enable the product to gain both awareness and confidence among Singaporeans.These bottled drinks which are made and manufactured in Singapore could also be marketed as a global product to target a wider audience. Attractive pricing will lure customers to this product since it has passed International Quality and received many global awards as explained in Chapter 1.3. Threats Everyday the world discovers new, emerging and deadly epidemic viruses due to the advancement of technologies.Toxic materials also play an integral part in poisoning the NEWater and imposes a severe threat to mankind.Therefore more stringent and sensitive instruments are required to perform additional parameters in the quality of the technology to ensure that the output NEWater is virus-free and safe for drinking.Any lapse in such technology will result in a huge disaster in Singapore (Amresh Gunasingham 2009). Summary Based on the SWOT Analysis, its evident enough that NEWater has more positive factors than negative factors internally. Externally, it has a balanced opportunities and threats for the product.It has numerous strength factors which makes it a reliable and innovative product in the current technological world.Therefore, the product still has scope for marketing it internationally and locally.However, It also has to keep abreast with the toxicological and microbiological issues affecting it externally. 3.2 Financial Implications for NEWater Technology Although the infrastructure for the construction of such NEWater plants are high in cost as well as maintainence due to the technology involved in these machines; the local consumers are buoyed by the fact they were paying much lesser than what they used to pay before the interention of NEWater.For example, before the introduction of NEWater, Singaporeans had to pay $1.15 per cubic metre. Now, this price was lowered by 15 cents to $1 per cubic metre. With the demand for NEWater rising to 30% through industries and homes; a price reduction will benefit the local small businesses and consumers as an incentive. The operational efficency from these NEWater plants also played an integral role in the price reduction by the Government when it was introduced in April 2007 (May Wong 2007). CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATION 4.1 Future Direction for the NEWater Technology With the current NEWater Technology solving up to 30% of Singapores water demands, more NEWater plants will be commissioned.Currently, the other 33% of Singapores water demands are satisfied through imported water from Malaysia.In an event of a distaster or a severe drought in Malaysia, Singapores water supplies will also be affected in the process.Therefore, to reduce the over reliance on imported water from Malaysia, Singapore will need to develop more NEWater plants to meet the water demands of its population.It is also economical as the production of water will be within Singapore and fears of a price hike from Malaysia on its imported water will also be eliminated.This will also pave the future on the usage of untreated sewage water into a safe and drinking water culture for the entire country (Victoria School 2005). 4.2 Futher Improvements for the NEWater Technology NEWater Technology is the only realistic solution available for Singapore to solve its future water crisis, besides its existing local catchments and desalination process which are dependent on weather and sea water sorely.However, NEWater has yet to be a commercial and global product.NEWater could be packaged in attractive bottles and sold globally.International and local celebrities could be used as Models to promote the drink so that worldwide and local customers are attracted to it.The pricing of NEWater as a bottled drink should be lower than the existing mineral water drinks in the market.The pricing will definately be a pull factor for most budget minded consumers who wish to try out a new and different taste than compared to most mineral water drinks in the market.A proper marketing mix through Product, Price, Place and Promotion should be practised by PUB to market its innovative product of the 21st century.Free sample sized bottles can be distributed in public road shows as a bait for customers to purchase the product. PUB should also tie up with major fast food outlets and restaurants in the Food and Beverage Industries like Macdonalds, Pizza Hut and KFC to bundle up NEWater as a package and sell together with their signature dishes to their loyal consumers.This will enable a wider market penetration rather than common advertisements in Television or the Internet. 4.3 Conclusion NEWater is a growing brand in Singapore due its economical and simple soultion to future water crisis.However, efforts must be made by the Government to market it to the local singaporeans on the product and its safety as there are many Singaporeans still grippled with the pscyhological barrier of drinking from recycled water.PUB has yet to make its product a global brand and is keeping it as an internal project.PUB should break free by selling its product on the stores and enter as a new competitor in the Mineral Water industry.This will speed up the process of educating the locals here who are quite new to this technology. On the other hand, PUB should place constant and high importance on its Research and Design Department for the NEWater project to constantly update the machines and ensure that safety isnt compromised through complacency.New and sensitive instruments are a must to ensure proper test is conducted at its highest quality.Only when PUB, has decided to balance its NEWater brand globally together with up-to-date precise technological instruments; it can achieve unprecedented quality for a local-made recycled drink!

Strategic Plan Outline

UNIVERSITY OF BELIZE MGMT 490 – BUSINESS STRATEGY AND POLICY How to Structure The Strategic Plan Guidelines Executive Summary This is written to the scope and level of content that an â€Å"outsider† can read the summary and grasp the vision, mission of the organization, its overall goals and objectives, major strategic issues and the key strategies implemented to attain the goals. Section 1 – Current situation 1. Brief Background and History of the Company and the Industry 2. Strategic Posture: Current Mission, Current Vision Current Values Current Objectives Current Strategies Current Policies 3. Past Strategic Performance Indicators (if available): Market share Sales Growth Net Profit Margin Return on Equity Investment Other? (Depending on the type of business/industry) Section 2 – External Environment, Opportunities and Threats (EFAS) 2. 1 General Environment (PEST, Gap Analysis, etc) 2. 2 Task Environment (Porters five forces, Strategic Map) 2. 3 External Factor Analysis Summary Section 3 – Internal Environment, Strengths and Weaknesses (IFAS) 3. 1Value Chain analysis . 2Corporate Structure 3. 3Corporate Resources: Marketing Finance Human Resource Operations and Logistics Information Systems 3. 4Internal Factor Analysis Summary Section 4 – Competitive Strength Assessment based on Key Success Factors Quality/product performanceCustomer Service Capability Reputation/imageOther? Manufacturing capability Technological skills and know-how Dealer/distribution capability New product innovation capabili ty Financial resources Relative cost position Section 5 – Analysis of Major Strategic Factors SFAS . 1 Key Internal and External Factors (SWOT) 5. 2 Competitive advantages/disadvantages, Competitive position improving/slipping 5. 2 Review of Mission and Objectives Section 6 – Alternatives and Recommendations 1. Strategic Alternatives 2. Recommended Strategies Section 7 – Implementation Plan for new strategies recommended Section 8 – Evaluation and Control Plan for new strategies implemented Section 9 – Financial data and Analysis – Includes information on resources to finance the implementation of the Strategic Plan APPENDICES BIBLIOGRAPHY THE PRESENTATION OF THE PLAN Time Allowed: 30 minutes Presentation should be as follows: a) Brief History of Company (Section 1) b) Current Situation (Section -1) c) External Environment Opportunities and Threats (Section 2) d) Internal Environment Strengths and Weaknesses (Section 3 e) Analysis of major strategic factors, strategic alternatives and recommended strategies (including financial analysis) (Sections 5, 6 & 9)- 15 minutes Question and Answer Session

Men and Women are Made Not Born Essay

In this essay I will write about how women and men are made not born. I will beintroducing different cultures and their views on men and women, how women at onestage in time did not have any rights to become what they wanted, I will give my ideas onthe subject and I will also research other authors work to get a different variety about whywomen and men are made not born. Firstly I will start by researching different cultures and their ways of life. This reallyinterests me because it is good to see how different people and their countries really andfrom each other. In Australia men and women are equal,they both can work in any job they desire, they both have the right to vote and go to war. It was not always like this though in Australia, it was a long time until women got equalright to men. It was the nineteenth century when women were given the right to vote andto stand for election into parliament. Although it was not until the 1960’s to the 1970’swhen women gained equality with men with work, the law and general social standing. Ifwe take a look into a totally different country like Afghanistan, women are ‘made’ bytheir fathers and husbands. Marriage for women is chosen by their families, women mustbe completely covered by a long veil and accompanied by a male relative when theyleave the house and women must do what they are told by their fathers and husbands. Soas we can see, it is hard for women in Afghanistan to become what they want and be whothey want to be. Another culture I want to look at is how women became men in the mountains ofNorthern Albania. A girl or her parents could decide to make them a male, circumstanceswhich would arise in order to do so would be that their husbands or fathers died at war orhad died from other reasons, so the wives or daughters would take on the lead role for thehousehold. They would become men if they wanted to work and build their communitiesinto something better, for example, working in the Communist Party Action Group, youcould only be a male to be a member. In order to get out of an arranged marriage orprotection against the kidnapping and trafficking of young women, it was easier for girlsto become men. What I am trying to say with researching different cultures is that in some countries menand women can choose how they want their lives to turn out and make a future forthemselves unlike other countries where people’s lives are made up for them. Another way we could look at the topic ‘Men and Women are Made Not Born’ is thatmen and women have to earn what they want to achieve, they are not just born with theirtalents. For example, if a person does a good job for someone then they are going torecommend them to other people, thus achieving a good reputation. As ( Mead, G 2007,p. 29) quotes ‘the self is something which has a development: it is not initially there abirth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity.’ This means that whenchildren are born they do not immediately have the social skills they require in life to dowell for themselves. The child has to go through a development which slowly teachesthem their life skills. It is up to the individual to decide what they want to achieve in life,they have the choice to carry on their education in what ever field they choose to bettertheir chances in the work force. The same in the work force, people have to betterthemselves to do better than others, to compete with the competition in order to get thejob. With an individual improving themselves in all kind of aspects, they are likely to geta good reputation and make something of themselves. This proves the heading ‘Men andWomen are Made Not Born’. In Australia it is a free country, everybody has the right to do or become what they wantto become. I believe the term men and women are made not born, to mean that it is up toboth men and women to make their lives and achieve what they want in life. Everybodyis their own unique person. Whether they are Australian, Chinese, Asian, American andso on, with their own personal beliefs. I guess the main reason I have focused on culturesis because I believe that an individual’s culture has a massive effect on the lifestyles theylive which develops an individual into their own unique, special person. References:’ Factors that brought about the women’s movement’, www.skwirk.com.auAlessandro Monsutti, ‘Culture of AFGHANISTAN’, www.everyculture.comBessant, J. Watts, R. (2007) Sociology Australia, Allen & Unwin. NSW. Gardner, J. (1987) Atlas of the World, Australia: Reader’s Digest. McWhirter, N. (1999) Book of Millennium Records, Virgin Publishing’s: Great Britain. Young, A. 2007, ‘Once Were Women’, Good Weekend, 20st October, 47-48. Mead, G 2007, ‘The Self’ in Classic Readings in Sociology’, Mind, Self and Society, pp25-32

To What Extent Did the American Revolution Fundamentally...

DbKatie Gordon APUSH Mr. Vieira September 24, 2012 DBQ: To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer, be sure to address the political, social and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800. After the American Revolution, Americans, who were free of British control, started to reevaluate politics, the economy and society. After breaking away from what they thought was a corrupt and evil government, Americans changed how they wanted to govern their society, even though they ultimately reverted to a more centralized government similar to Britain. The uneducated masses, as viewed by the elite, didn’t experience a lot of change though the ideals from the†¦show more content†¦The Philadelphia society for the promotion of agriculture in 1786, handed out a medal, which said, â€Å"venerate the plough† (Document F). This demonstrates how the elite were still â€Å"rewarding† the common people who weren’t financially better off than before the revolution. Similarly, in Shay’s Rebellion farmers led by the ex-military officer â€Å"[stopped] the courts of justice in several counties†¦crying out for a paper currency, [or] for an equ al distribution of power† (Document G). A particular example of the downfall of American economy was Shay’s rebellion. This represented economic strife that the common people were enduring and ultimately rebelled. Two important socio-economic issues the founding fathers discussed were the rights of women and slavery. Women’s roles increased greatly during the revolution. While me were away fighting or running the country, women were at home running and defending the farm. This can be seen in the woodcut (Document A) and in Abigail Adam’s letters to Thomas Jefferson (Document G). Women had, for a time, the right to vote in New Jersey. The revolution also increased the education of women and encouraged them to be more involved in public life. However, all women were not content to go back to their household chores after the revolution as seen by Molly Wallace who says â€Å"if [taught] to read, why not speak?† (Document J), illustrating how some women wanted to further their domestic roles and play a larger role in society.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Dbq Anerican Revolution1205 Words   |  5 PagesDBQ: To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer, be sure to address the political, social, and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800. The American Revolution was a critical turning point in American history. 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Analysis Of The Poem Dream By Langston Hughes

Veronica Rincon English 1 Prof. Young June 14, 2016 Regret The structure and meaning of each poem are very similar, but yet are different in their own unique way as well. The two pomes are about dreams, the first poem, Dream is about what could possibly happen if we let go of our dreams and don t purse them. The second poem, Harlem is about the possibilities of what could happen when we postpone our dreams. Both poems do not exactly end with a happy ending, for they show the regret that we will be left with, possibly even death. The poem Dream by Langston Hughes is about following your dreams, because we never know what our near future can become if we do not attempt to accomplish our visions in life. One way to define the word dreams is to refer to them as a reflection of our possibilities that we desire to think about and aspire to achieve. 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Hughes’Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Harlem 1303 Words   |  6 PagesJames Mercer Langston Hughes was an American poet; a Joplin, Missouri native and an active, versatile writer, earning acclaim as a poet, novelist, playwright and columnist. He was one of the first poets to explore an innovative sing-songy, stylized delivery called jazz poetry. As an African-American, his point of view, collectively synergized with this then-new literary art, catapulted his writings between the 1930s - 1960s. He is often credited as the leader of the Harlem Renaissance, and â€Å"famouslyRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Langston Hughes961 Words   |  4 PagesComing Quick (A Literary Analysis of Langston Hughes’ Poems) The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were impressive times for the growing of several different cultures. One of the main cultures that grew through those time periods was that of the black community. 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All Quiet On The Western Front By Erich Remarque - 1366 Words

War often has drastic and lasting effects on individuals; the violence and horror ages soldiers mentally and physically. World War I was a violent and distressing war; men came home with mental illnesses and never were fully able to sink back into society. Through these lasting effects common civilians with no affiliation were unaware to the consequences. In All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Remarque investigates the damaging effects of war on an individual’s identity using Paul Bà ¤umer as a representation for all soldiers; he draws specific attention to the continuing loss of purpose and ability to relate to the rest of society. The beginning is the starting point of Paul’s change throughout the novel; first going into war, Paul knew who he was, not just another solider. But the literal line where the front starts is the launch of the stripping of his humane and individual identity. Paul narrates the exact point where a physical and mental borderline is set up, â€Å"We march up, moody or good-tempered soldiers – we reach the zone where the front begins and become on the instant human animals† (27). His identity shifts when he acknowledges that there must be change for like on the field, he becomes an â€Å"instant human animal;† no matter â€Å"moody of good-tempered† prior to arriving at the line, their individuality is demolished. War rips the uniqueness off civilian men and throws them in backwards evolution and forces them to act like animals: attacking, killing, and surviving.Show MoreRelatedAll Quiet On The Western Front By Erich Maria Remarque1714 Words   |  7 P agesAll Quiet on the Western Front written by Erich Maria Remarque is a narrative describing World War I from a German soldier s perspective. 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Management Decision linked to Capital Budgeting †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management Decision linked to Capital Budgeting. Answer: Introduction Capital budgeting is a decision making tool that managers make use of, for evaluation of particular projects(Stout, 2008). Businesses determine positives and negatives associated with a project or an investment decision, which forms a part of companys growth prospects. Capital budgeting processes helps decide on cash flows from a particular project by understanding cash flows that are generated from the project. A company determines rate of return which are acceptable or unacceptable depending upon factors of a project. Capital budgeting processes creates measurability and accountability for businesses that needs to diversify its resources in particular projects. With proper understanding of risks and associated return it becomes easier to have ownership and responsibility in regards to a particular project(Baker, 2010). Effectiveness of an investment decision or of a project is understood in this manner or else there will be minor chances of business existence in competitive marketp lace. As sole motive for businesses is to make profits for its shareholders, capital budgeting processes needs to be encompassed for understanding long-term financial as well as economic gains. In corporate decision making, management can make decisions pertaining to sensitivity analysis, break-even, scenario or simulation techniques. However, all pertinent management decisions are linked to capital budgeting techniques including net present value, internal rate of return, accounting rate of return, payback period and so on and so forth(Bekaert, 2009). All pertinent management decision are taken with the aid of capital budgeting processes. The scope of the following analysis establishes relationship of capital budgeting techniques and procedures with that of managerial decision processes, evaluating scopes and application for each. Analysis Capital budgeting is integral for businesses as it enables creation of structured process for better managerial decision making. For long-term strategic goal development is generated by attracting new projects and creating business cash flow forecasts(Garrison, 2010). Each and every capital budgeting techniques involves undertaking assumptions for making future estimations regarding project performance. Results from calculations from capital budgeting decisions often emerge to be inaccurate which leads to unexpected outcomes. In cases of low profits, then company can break-even due to bad economic conditions. Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis allows businesses to develop estimates with projections in cases they turn out to be unreliable. It encompasses changing assumptions for understanding impact on project finances, which allows business managers prepare for unexpected results(Jackson, 2010). In every investment projects, net present value (NPV) or accounting rate of return (ARR) or other methods are utilized for calculations with different rates of return for conducting sensitivity analysis, which in turn will allow making a decision. Through sensitive analysis, business managers can better generate results that can create expected results, such that they can analyse project investment in a better manner. In case a business investment can earn $500, $1500 and $2000 in initial three years of the project. In case the business makes initial investment of $3000, which can be generated within the first three years. In case the project performs better in the first two years compared to its expectations, then it can easily break-even within the first two years(Miller, 2007). An example of sensitivity analysis encompasses, an investment decision for $100,000 is said to generate returns of $10,000, $30,000, $50,000, $45,000 and so on in the first four years of its commencement. Managers determine that there could be an increase of 5% in total cash flows in case cost of capital comes down by 10%, then financial model for the investment decision for sensitivity analysis will be to estimate what will happen to investment decisions in case cash flows increases by 10%, 50% or 100%. Sensitivity analysis reflects that higher cash flows are sensitive to lower costs of capital involved. In case of sensitivity analysis, different values of independent variable can generate impact on a dependent variable with sets of assumptions. It is applicable in cases where there is more than one variable as effects that changes interest rates in bond prices. Scenario Analysis Scenario analysis is another integral concept in managerial decision making. It analyses expected value from proposed investment or business activity with statistical mean being the highest probability event expected for a situation. Multiple scenarios are combined with various probability with which they occur can enable better determination of value of an investment. Probability of calculating expected value with which it will occur allows managers determine productivity of an investment alternative(Gervais, 2011). Probability distribution of an investment helps analyse risk inherent to an investment, which in turn allows calculation of expected rate of return. Through this procedure risk tolerance of the companys investment decision can help create better prospective for the investment or business venture. Scenario analysis can be applied in many ways using multi-factor analysis or random factor analysis. Multivariate model are also used in multiple instances for forecasting value s. Assuming values of each variable, most probable mean value of potential distribution can be ascertained(Tayles, 2007). Mean has informational value but does not depict variation in outcomes. Risks analysis is crucial for determinant for any type of project, especially for future outcome predictions. Mean is assumed to be a mid-path between extreme positive and negative side for any investment alternative. Scenario analysis often computes multiple net present values for the project with multiple different scenarios. In capital budgeting processes, the first or initial capital budgeting estimate is deemed to be base-case scenario. From the base-case other cases are generated and determined or developed(Besley, 2007). Managers compute several NPVs based on best economic situations and also worst economic situation which entail better decision making for the company. Break-even Analysis Break-even analysis is a point that determines a point where costs equals revenues generated from an investment project. With this calculation, managers estimates margin of safety for a particular investment project. When the amount of revenue exceeds amount of investments made then it is assumed that the investment has attained its break-even point(Zimmerman, 2011). Break-even analysis is however, a supply side analysis that incorporates costs of investments, it does not assesses ways in which cash outflows might determine costs of the capital. Therefore, at break-even point losses equals to gains, hence managers in a business needs to determine this point to understand profitability. Costs are important in understanding of break-even analysis as fixed costs, variable and semi-variable costs. In an investment project, fixed costs are those which does not change over time or increases or decreases(Jain, 2013). Fixed costs in a project are those which the company has to pay in case of independent business activities. Such costs are total of services or goods provided. An example includes, for a project delivery the company needs to lease instruments worth $200,000 which does not change with specific components within the project, hence needs to be spread over across all its units. In case the project costs of capital is spread across longer duration of time then fixed costs components will be spread as against in case costs of capital is concentrated in a particular period, which leads to higher fixed cost appropriated within the time period. Variable costs are however, dependent on specific outputs. In case project activities are strained then it leads to higher variable costs as those arising from rents, office supplies, insurances and so on(Bierman Jr, 2012). Semi-variable costs on the other hand are semi-fixed costs that is a mixture of fixed along with variable costs components. Labour costs can be termed as semi-variable in nature and there are other semi- variable costs as well that are associated with certain project output. Break-even analysis often involves adjusting costs of capital for assessing project benefits or outcomes. Company managers determine competition-driven cost calculation tactics that can render competitive advantage in the market. Competitive costing and calculation of rate of return for a particular project helps attain a profitable market share, by controlling excessive costs that might arise from particular projects(Baldenius, 2007). In break-even analysis, capital budgeting technique of payback period is assumed for managerial decision making. In case a project costs is $100,000 and cash flows from it in first years of its progress are $20,000, $70,000, $ 40,000 and $30,000, then it can be understood that payback period for the project is estimated to be at 2 years and 3 months. Thus, at 2 years and 3 months the project can be assumed to attain its break- even point. Thus, payback period and NPV from the proj ect which are capital budgeting techniques are used for understanding managerial decision making in break-even analysis as well. Simulation Technique With most capital budgeting techniques being focused on decision making models as NPV, ARR, IRR, Payback Period and so on, which often goes on to including taxing implications as well. These models however do not include any random figures and are determined using single figures with them(Froot, 2007). Hence, it can easily be understood that cash flows with uncertainties are ignored in all respects, which leads to analysing a project from single aspect of risks expressed in terms of a single discounting rate. For capturing greater amounts of risks from a project, it is required that the project delivers over normal returns. A simulation based model have capabilities to imitate real life situations when adapting to capital budgeting techniques. Thus, managers encompass this technique along with application of capital budgeting decision making tools to arrive at consolidated real-life figures with probability distribution connected to every cash flow from an investment. In order to dri ve random model, simulation techniques are assumed with random numbers from 0 to 1, it can be easily accommodated into Excel tool using RAND() within a particular cell. This project thus encompasses all risks endeavors in capital budgeting decision making within an economic situation. Probability of a calculation makes it more practical oriented approach for determination of likelihood of cash flows that a project is expected to generate. NPV which is a technique of capital budgeting thus is used for generating decision making capabilities in simulation as well. As contradictory to other tools for decision making which involves singular aspects, capital budgeting decision making includes financial decisions as well as investment decisions. When shareholders of a business agree to investment in a particular decision, then they make financial commitment to it along with substantial risks(Chen, 2008). Risks from projects can be multifarious as delays, cost overruns, increase in costs, regulatory changes, taxation changes and so on. Further, an investment decision will have an impact on future decision and growth for a company. Hence, project evaluation from investment or financial decision-making can create tremendous limitation for the project(Truong, 2008). Hence, a series of steps needs to be taken for managerial level decision making which will create long-term strategic orientation for the Company. Conclusion Managerial decision making includes critical aspects that can generate returns for the business and in turn for its shareholders. Capital budgeting techniques includes various processes that can estimate returns from a particular investment project. Managerial decision techniques as sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, break-even analysis, simulation techniques and so on uses capital budgeting techniques for their analysis. Integrating such techniques is critical for arriving at values for managerial decision making with various discounting rates or values. Thus, capital budgeting decision techniques forms a crucial aspect for managerial decision making for estimating future cash flows. It facilitates transfer of information for various investment projects, which are in turn required for acquiring new investment projects. It also facilitates monitoring and controlling of expenditures for long-term strategic decision making. References Baker, H. K. 2010. Management views on real options in capital budgeting. Baldenius, T. D. 2007. Cost allocation for capital budgeting decisions. The Accounting Review, 837-867. Bekaert, G. . 2009. International financial management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall., 809. Besley, S. . 2007. Essentials of managerial finance. Cengage learning. Bierman Jr, H. . 2012. The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Chen, S. 2008. DCF techniques and nonfinancial measures in capital budgeting: a contingency approach analysis. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 13-29. Froot, K. A. 2007. Risk management, capital budgeting, and capital structure policy for insurers and reinsurers. Journal of risk and Insurance, 273-299. Garrison, R. H. 2010. Managerial accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 792-793. Gervais, S. H. 2011. Overconfidence, compensation contracts, and capital budgeting. The Journal of Finance, 1735-1777. Jackson, J. 2010. Promoting energy efficiency investments with risk management decision tools. Energy Policy, 3865-3873. Jain, P. K. 2013. Capital Budgeting Decisions. In Financial Management Practices . Springer India., 37-76. Miller, P. . 2007. Mediating instruments and making markets: Capital budgeting, science and the economy. Accounting, organizations and society, 701-734. Stout, D. E. 2008. Improving capital budgeting decisions with real options. Management accounting quarterly, 1. Tayles, M. P. 2007. Intellectual capital, management accounting practices and corporate performance: perceptions of managers. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 522-548. Truong, G. P. 2008. Cost-of-capital estimation and capital-budgeting practice in Australia. Australian journal of management, 95-121. Zimmerman, J. L.-Z. 2011. Accounting for decision making and control. Issues in Accounting Education, 258-259.